In the field of cancer research and drug development, traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture technology has long been widely used for drug screening and other experiments. Although this method is easy to use and cost-effective, it fails to effectively simulate the complex environment of tumors in vivo. Real tumors grow in three dimensions, with specific tissue architecture and cell-to-cell interactions. As a result, the findings obtained from 2D cultures often do not correlate with actual clinical outcomes, leading to a high failure rate of drugs in clinical trials. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) model technology has demonstrated significant advantages in drug development and is gradually becoming a research hotspot.