FMD and African swine fever drive heavy losses for South African pig farmers

The South African pig industry is facing mounting pressure as foot-and-mouth disease and African swine fever continue to reduce sow numbers and increase production costs. Industry stakeholders warn that existing disease control measures, largely designed for cattle, are placing additional strain on pig farmers while threatening profitability and animal welfare.

Although often overlooked in broader livestock discussions, the economic impact on the pig sector is significant. Disease outbreaks remain the greatest risk, with producers who maintain disease free herds potentially benefiting from tighter supply and stronger market prices. Since late 2025, at least 16 FMD outbreaks have been recorded in commercial piggeries across several provinces, affecting approximately 12,700 sows.

The situation has been worsened by ASF outbreaks in clustered commercial farms near Pretoria, where nearly 5,900 sows were culled. Combined losses have reduced national production capacity by about 18,590 sows, translating to an estimated impact of more than 250,000 pigs when accounting for the full production cycle. Some farmers have exited the industry entirely following repeated disease outbreaks, further tightening supply.

A major concern for producers is that FMD control protocols, originally designed for cattle systems, are being applied to pig farms. These measures delay slaughter, restrict market access and significantly reduce carcass value. Farmers may lose up to half the value of each pig under current regulations, prompting many to delay slaughter in order to minimise financial losses.
Extended quarantine periods and slaughter restrictions are also creating serious animal welfare challenges.
Delays in moving pigs to abattoirs are leading to overcrowding, increased stress and behavioural issues such as tail biting and cannibalism. Rising stock numbers and heavier slaughter weights are further straining farm resources and cash flow.

Despite these challenges, the industry reports improved biosecurity measures and stronger preparedness compared to previous outbreaks. High pork prices and relatively lower feed costs are helping some producers remain profitable, provided herds remain healthy. Vaccination efforts are being introduced in response to outbreaks, although supply constraints and uncertainty around export implications remain key concerns.

Overall, disease pressure continues to reshape the South African pig industry, with reduced supply, rising costs and evolving control measures defining the current landscape.