Sex pre-selection of the offspring by using X or Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa sorted by flow cytometry

However, while sexed spermatozoa are commercially available for bovine, in other domestic species including the pig the technique is still at experimental level. The main objective of this thesis was to develop a protocol to efficiently apply flow cytometric sex-sorting procedure on boar spermatozoa.

To achieve this objective, the following studies were developed:

• In the first study, the ability of ejaculated spermatozoa from individual boars to withstand flow cytometric sex-sorting procedure was evaluated. Sperm-rich ejaculate samples were split into three aliquots. The aliquots were diluted and stored, frozen-thawed using standard protocols, or sex-sorted with subsequent liquid storage or frozen-thawed. The sperm quality was evaluated based on total sperm motility, viability, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation.
• The objective of the second study was to optimize protocols for cryopreservation of sex-sorted boar spermatozoa. We evaluated the effects of a standard boar sperm cryopreservation procedure on the in vitro characteristics of sex-sorted sperm frozen at low sperm concentrations and the effects of different final glycerol concentrations on post-thaw quality.
• The objective of the third experimental study was to design and adequate protocol for boar sperm handling during and after sperm sex sorting for obtaining sex sorted boar sperm with an optimal in vitro fertilizing ability. For this purpose, different aspects of the sorting procedure were examined. The effects of the high dilution rates, type of collection medium used, and sheath fluid composition on sorted boar sperm quality and function were evaluated. Sperm quality was assessed by motility and viability tests, whereas sperm function was evaluated by an in vitro fertilization assay which determined the penetration and polyspermy rates as well as the mean number of sperm penetrating each oocyte.
• The objective of the fourth study was to develop a useful procedure for laparoscopic inseminations with sex-sorted spermatozoa that allows obtaining optimal fertility results at a farm level. We evaluated the effects of single (oviducts) and double (oviducts and tips of the uterine horns) laparoscopic insemination with sex-sorted sperm on the reproductive performance of sows.

The results achieved in these four studies have generated the following conclusions:

There is an individual variability among boars to withstand the sorting procedure by flow cytometry. The response of spermatozoa to a specific semen-processing technique does not predict the response of spermatozoa from the same boar to other semen-processing techniques. Freezing at low sperm concentration in combination with the use of a final glycerol concentrations of 0.5–1% could be a suitable method for the cryopreservation of sex-sorted boar sperm. The addition of EDTA to sheath fluid and EY to collection medium improved the in vitro fertilizing ability of sex-sorted sperm, and both agents should be included as essential media components for flow cytometric sperm sex sorting in swine. The laparoscopic insemination procedure described in the present study is an effective method for obtaining offspring of the desired sex in swine at a farm level. The double laparoscopic insemination procedure, using between 3 and 6 millions of sex-sorted sperm per sow produces adequate results for reproductive parameters, making sperm-sexing technology potentially applicable in elite breeding units.