Laboratory diagnostics: Edema disease

Assays available

Bacterial culture

• Isolation of live organism
• Sample types: feces, intestinal content
• Pros:
  • Bacteria is easy to grow in 1 day
  • Easy to do in any lab (including in-house)
  • Relative low cost
• Cons:
  • Some E. coli are part of normal intestinal flora
  • Pigs have multiple E. coli at same time
  • Pigs previously treated with antibiotics can prevent bacterial growth

Antimicrobial susceptibility

• Tests in vitro ability of live organism to grow under specific concentrations of different antimicrobials
• Sample types: feces, intestinal content
• Pros:
  • Identification of susceptibility or resistance of specific isolate to common antimicrobials
  • Identification of antimicrobial resistance trends
• Cons:
  • Requires a bacterial isolate
  • In vitro testing may be slightly different than in vivo results
  • Some specific antimicrobials may not be tested or require separate, special testing
  • Moderate cost

Histopathology

• Evaluates the presence of tissue lesions (damage) which can confirm the presence of disease. Sometimes can also detect the presence of organisms directly (bacteria and parasites) or indirectly (virus) through additional special staining.
• Sample types: tissue
• Pros:
  • Associate bacterial adhesion with intestinal damage
  • No special staining needed
• Cons:
  • Need to formalin-fix intestinal tissues within <15 min of pig death -Intestinal tissue decomposes quickly
  • Disease can be segmental so multiple intestinal samples should be submitted

Genotyping

• A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique that detects presence of specific sequence of nucleic acids (DNA) associated with known virulence genes.
• Pros:
  • Done via PCR; easy to do
  • Helps identify pathogenicity by detecting presence of genes (not necessarily expression of genes) associated with virulence factors
    • Toxin Genes: EAST1, LT, STa, STb, Stx1, Stx2, Stx2e
    • Pilus Genes: F18, F41, K88 (F4), K99 (F5), 987P (F6)
    • Adhesin Genes: AIDA, EAEA, PAA
  • Helps with proper vaccine selection (matching correct pili)
  • Helps confirm isolate has genes for edema disease

E. coli genes detected through PCR genotyping and their function. Genes highlighted in red are important in helping diagnose edema disease.

Gene	Type	Description
EAST1	Toxin	Intestinal toxin binds to the same receptor and stimulates the same secretory pathway as Sta (causation of diarrhea is not well established)
LT	Toxin	Intestinal toxin that stimulates intestinal secretion
STa	Toxin	Intestinal toxin that stimulates intestinal secretion mostly in young pigs (decreases absorption of water an electrolytes)
STb	Toxin	Intestinal toxin stimulating secretory diarrhea mostly in older pigs (increases secretion from enterocytes)
Stx1	Toxin	Intestinal toxin can be found in pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains
Stx2	Toxin	Intestinal toxin can be found in pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains
Stx2e	Toxin	Systemic toxin which induces vascular damage and edema disease
F18 (F107)	Adhesin	Pili (fimbria) used for attachment which is present after 20 days of age and commonly associated with post weaning scours and edema disease
F41	Adhesin	Pili (fimbria) used for attachment mostly neonates
K88 (F4)	Adhesin	Pili (fimbria) used for attachment birth through all ages
K99 (F5)	Adhesin	Pili (fimbria) used for attachment mostly neonates
987P (F6)	Adhesin	Pili (fimbria) used for attachment mostly neonates
AIDA	Adhesin	Nonfimbrial "adhesin-involved-in-diffuse-adherence" more commonly found in conjunction with F18
EAE	Adhesin	Nonfimbrial adhesin that contributes to "attaching-and-effacing" lesions
PAA	Adhesin	Nonfimbrial adhesin essential for producing "attaching-and-effacing" lesions

• Cons:
  • Requires a bacterial isolate
  • Hope the correct isolate is genotyped (pigs can have several isolates at the same time)
  • Moderate price, but usually only test 1 isolate

Result interpretation:

Bacterial culture:

• Must be a haemolytic E. coli
  
• Purity:
  • Pure growth: highly suggestive of disease contributor
  • Mixed growth: questionable value
• Amount:
  • High: highly suggestive of disease contributor
  • Moderate: variable interpretation
  • Low: questionable value (could be contaminant)
  • No growth: Animal possibly previously treated with antibiotics or not significant contributor

Antimicrobial susceptibility:

• Susceptible: possible good choice for treatment if antimicrobial can reach target tissue
• Resistant: select different antimicrobial
• MIC: if MICs are done ensure antimicrobial selected achieves the listed MIC value in the target organ

Histopathology:

• Positive: Strong association with accusation if able to demonstrate intestinal lesions with E. coli adhered to epithelial cells
• Negative: No intestinal lesions

Genotyping:

• Genotyping is necessary to confirm isolate has necessary virulence factors associated with edema disease
  • Must be either F4 or F18
  • Must have shiga-like toxin (Stx2e)

Scenario
Pigs with post-weaning scours:

• Collect rectal swabs from 2 or more untreated scouring pigs and submit for bacterial culture, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genotyping.
• Euthanize 1-3 untreated scouring pigs. Immediately collect and place in formalin solution 3 intestinal samples from each piglet. Collect fresh intestinal samples to submit chilled for bacterial culture, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genotyping.